Psychological – Mentality – KidneyPal

Mentality

Psychological Domain

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Psychological

In the Psychological Domain, the sociodemographics that were moderately correlated were educational attainment and occupational status. These two factors had a stronger relationship to psychological quality of life (QoL) compared to the other variables, which showed only weak correlations.

Individuals with higher education or stable, fulfilling work are better equipped to handle the emotional challenges of long-term treatment. Education can improve health literacy and self-confidence, while meaningful work provides structure, social connection, and a sense of purpose. Together, these factors play a powerful role in helping patients maintain a positive mindset and emotional resilience throughout their treatment journey.

Mentality

A person’s typical mindset or way of thinking. (APA, 2023)

General Interventions

(For age, sex, marital status, household income, comorbidities)

1. You should engage in activities that stimulate your brain

Activities like puzzles, reading, or learning a new skill can help keep your mind sharp (Fury, 2024, p. 4).

2. You should maintain a consistent routine

A regular schedule can help improve memory, focus, and mental clarity (Ruggeri et al., 2023, p. 284).

3. You should practice mindfulness techniques

Focus on the present moment to reduce mental clutter and improve concentration (Channawar, 2023, p. 56).

Educational Attainment-Based: Lower Formal Education

1. You should participate in memory exercises, like recalling stories or playing memory games.

This helps improve memory and cognitive function. (Abd-Alrazaq et al., 2022)

2. You are encouraged to engage in simple, relaxing activities that allow you to focus on the present

These activities can improve mental clarity and reduce stress. (Ramirez et al., 2025)

3. You should keep a journal to help you remember daily events

This aids in mental organization and cognitive function (Swart & Janeke, 2022)

Educational Attainment-Based: Higher Formal Education

1. You should engage in activities that challenge your brain, such as learning new skills or taking on complex tasks.

This stimulates your cognitive abilities and keeps your mind sharp (Ferguson et al., 2023).

2. You should practice concentration exercises

These techniques help you stay focused and clear-headed (Zainal & Newman, 2023)

3. You should establish a regular routine to enhance memory and maintain cognitive function.

A structured schedule helps improve attention and mental clarity (Fisher & Budson, 2025).

Occupational Status-Based: Unemployed

1. You should incorporate mental stimulation into your daily routine

Keeping your brain active helps maintain cognitive function (Lee et al., 2024).

2. You are encouraged to participate in social activities that stimulates conversation and mental engagement.

Socializing helps keep your mind sharp and improves mental health (Bohn, 2021).

3. You should practice stress-relieving techniques

This is to prevent mental fatigue and improve focus, such as deep breathing exercises or meditation (Tamminga et al., 2023).

Occupational Status-Based: Employed

1. You should take regular breaks at work

Short breaks allow your mind to refresh and improve focus (Verve Behavioral Health IOP, 2024).

2. You should prioritize tasks to reduce mental overload and improve efficiency.

Breaking tasks into manageable steps helps maintain mental clarity (Verve Behavioral Health IOP, 2024).

3. You should practice mindfulness or relaxation techniques during stressful moments at work

These techniques help you manage work stress and improve mental clarity (Michaelsen et al., 2023)

References

● Channawar, S. (2023). Mindfulness Practices for Stress Reduction and Mental Clarity. International Journal of Futuristic Innovation in Arts, Humanities and Management (IJFIAHM), 2(3), 49-59. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sonali-Channawar/publication/379034613_Mindfulness_Practices_for_Stress_Reduction_and_Mental_Clarity/links/65f72c5a286738732d59e16a/Mindfulness-Practices-for-Stress-Reduction-and-Mental-Clarity.pdf
● Fury, S. (2024). Active mind maintenance: Tools and tips for improving cognitive thinking. SF Nonfiction Books. https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3pbuEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&dq=Engage+in+activities+that+stimulate+your+brain+Activities+like+puzzles,+reading,+or+learning+a+new+skill+can+help+keep+your+mind+sharp.&ots=QsYdg1Ed1z&sig=j8RuUvGZ1IE1nuMXYo5tLQVFB6k&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
● NANDA International. (2021). NANDA Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification, 16th Edition.+
● Ruggeri, S. Y., Emerson, A., & Russell, C. L. (2023). A concept analysis of routines for improving health behaviors. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 10(3), 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2023.06.004
● Abd-Alrazaq, A., Alhuwail, D., Al-Jafar, E., Ahmed, A., Shuweihdi, F., Reagu, S. M., & Househ, M. (2022). The effectiveness of serious games in improving memory among older adults with cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Serious Games, 10(3), e35202. https://doi.org/10.2196/35202
● Ramirez, C., Alayine, G. A., Akafia, C. S. K., Adichie, K., Watts, D., Galdamez, Y., Harding, L., & Allsop, A. S. (2025). Music mindfulness acutely modulates autonomic activity and improves psychological state in anxiety and depression. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1554156
● Swart, J., & Janeke, C. (2022). Investigating the influence of expressive writing exercises on the working memory of middle adolescents and young adults in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 52(2), 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/00812463211043450
● Ferguson, L., Sain, D., Kürüm, E., Strickland-Hughes, C. M., Rebok, G. W., & Wu, R. (2023). One-year cognitive outcomes from a multiple real-world skill learning intervention with older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 27(11), 2134–2143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2023.2197847
● Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2023). Mindfulness enhances cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis of 111 randomized controlled trials. Health Psychology Review, 18(2), 369–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2023.2248222
● Fisher, J., & Budson, A. E. (2025, April 2). Tips to leverage neuroplasticity to maintain cognitive fitness as you age. Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/tips-to-leverage-neuroplasticity-to-maintain-cognitive-fitness-as-you-age
● Lee, J., Kim, J., & Valdivia, D. S. (2024). A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between different levels of cognitively stimulating leisure activity and cognitive function among older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-024-00293-2
● Bohn, K. (2021). Socializing may improve older adults' cognitive function in daily life. PennState. https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/socializing-may-improve-older-adults-cognitive-function-daily-life?utm_
● Tamminga, S. J., Emal, L. M., Boschman, J. S., Levasseur, A., Thota, A., Ruotsalainen, J. H., Schelvis, R. M., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., & Van Der Molen, H. F. (2023). Individual-level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers. Cochrane Library, 2023(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd002892.pub6
● Verve Behavioral Health IOP. (2024, June 4). How to Deal with Stress at Work | Verve Behavioral Health. Verve Behavioral Health IOP. https://vervebh.com/how-to-deal-with-stress-at-work/?utm
● Michaelsen, M. M., Graser, J., Onescheit, M., Tuma, M. P., Werdecker, L., Pieper, D., & Esch, T. (2023). Mindfulness-Based and Mindfulness-Informed Interventions at the Workplace: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 14(6), 1271–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02130-7